3-phase

In photovoltaics, "3-phase" refers to the way the direct current (DC) generated by a solar system is converted into alternating current (AC) and fed into the power grid.

How it works:

Inverter: The heart of a photovoltaic system is the inverter. It converts the direct current generated by the solar modules into three-phase alternating current, which matches the standard household electricity.
Three Phases: The alternating current is produced in three evenly offset sinusoidal waves. These three phases allow for efficient energy transmission and distribution.
Symmetrical Load: The three phases ensure a symmetrical load on the power grid, meaning that each phase is equally utilized, contributing to a more stable grid operation.

Advantages of 3-phase systems:

Higher Power Output: 3-phase systems can typically generate more power than single-phase systems and are therefore suitable for larger systems or systems with high self-consumption.
Efficiency: The symmetrical load increases the efficiency of the system and reduces energy losses.
Stability: 3-phase systems contribute to the stability of the power grid and can also be used for grid support.

Applications:

Large Photovoltaic Systems: 3-phase inverters are commonly used in commercial and industrial installations.
Self-Consumption Systems: For households with high self-consumption, a 3-phase inverter can also be useful, for example, when powering electric vehicles or heat pumps.

Legal Requirements: In many countries, including Germany, 3-phase inverters are mandatory for photovoltaic systems above a certain capacity. The exact thresholds may vary depending on the country and grid operator.

Conclusion: 3-phase photovoltaic systems offer numerous advantages in terms of performance, efficiency, and stability. They are often the preferred choice for many applications. The decision between a 3-phase or single-phase inverter depends on the system size, specific requirements, and legal regulations.