Photovoltaic module

Photovoltaic module (PV module, solar module) is the basic unit of a photovoltaic system. It converts the energy of sunlight directly into electrical current. This process is called the photovoltaic effect.

Structure and function:

PV modules usually consist of several solar cells connected in series or parallel. These cells are made of semiconducting materials, usually silicon. When sunlight hits a solar cell, the light particles (photons) release electrons from the material. These released electrons generate an electrical current. The direct current generated in this way is emitted by the modules and can then be converted into alternating current and fed into the power grid.

Types of PV modules:

• Monocrystalline modules: Consist of a single silicon crystal and are characterized by a high level of efficiency.
• Polycrystalline modules: Consist of several smaller silicon crystals and are more cost-effective than monocrystalline modules.
• Thin-film modules: Are significantly thinner than conventional modules and can be applied to flexible carrier materials.
• Heterojunction modules: Combine different semiconductor materials to achieve a higher level of efficiency.

Properties and applications:

PV modules are robust, durable and low-maintenance. They have a wide range of applications, including:

• Self-consumption: To supply electricity to buildings (private homes, commercial enterprises)
• Solar parks: For large-scale electricity generation
• Mobile applications: In solar charging systems for smartphones, laptops or camping equipment

Advantages of photovoltaics:

• Environmentally friendly energy generation: No greenhouse gas emissions
• Independence from fossil fuels: Reduction in dependence on energy imports
• Decentralized power generation: Ability to generate electricity directly at the point of consumption
• Durability and low maintenance: Long service life of up to 30 years

Keywords: Photovoltaics, Solar module, Solar cell, Silicon, Efficiency, Monocrystalline, Polycrystalline, Thin film, Heterojunction, Own consumption, Solar park, renewable energies