Semiconductor
Semiconductor materials are the core of solar cells and are crucial for converting sunlight into electrical energy. These materials possess unique electrical properties that lie between those of conductors (like metals) and insulators (like glass).
How It Works:
- Atomic Structure: In a semiconductor crystal, the atoms are arranged in a regular lattice. By intentionally doping with foreign atoms, so-called "holes" (missing electrons) or additional free electrons can be generated.
- Photoelectric Effect: When sunlight hits a semiconductor, energy is transferred to the electrons. These can then break free from their bonds and generate an electric current.
- p-n Junction: By combining a p-doped and an n-doped semiconductor, a p-n junction is formed. At this interface, an electric field is created that separates the generated electrons and holes, leading to the formation of a voltage.
Important Semiconductor Materials:
- Silicon: The most commonly used semiconductor material in photovoltaics. It is relatively inexpensive and abundantly available.
- Gallium Arsenide: Offers higher efficiency than silicon but is more expensive.
- CIGS: A thin-film technology based on copper, indium, gallium, and selenium, which is promising for flexible solar cells.
- Perovskites: A new class of materials that is attracting significant interest due to their high efficiency and low production costs.
Advantages of Semiconductors in Photovoltaics:
- High Efficiency: Modern solar cells achieve efficiencies of over 20%, meaning a large portion of incoming sunlight is converted into electrical energy.
- Durability: Solar cells have a lifespan of several decades.
- Environmental Friendliness: Photovoltaics are a clean and sustainable energy source.
Relevant Keywords: Photovoltaics, Solar Cell, p-n Junction, Doping, Silicon, CIGS, Efficiency
